Origins and Schools of Abstract Art

Abstract art (sometimes called nonobjective art) is a painting or sculpture  that does not depict a person, place, or thing in the natural world. With abstract art, the subject of the work is what you see: color, shapes, brushstrokes, size, scale, and, in some cases, the process itself, as in  action painting.   Abstract artists strive to be non-objective and non-representational, allowing the viewer to interpret each artworks meaning in their own way. Thus, abstract art is not an exaggerated or distorted view of the world such as we see in the Cubist paintings of Paul Cà ©zanne (1839–1906)  and  Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), for they present a type of conceptual realism. Instead, form and color become the focus and the subject of the piece. While some people may argue that abstract art does not require the technical skills of representational art, others would beg to differ. It has, indeed, become one of the major debates in modern art. As Russian abstract artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) put it: Of all the arts,  abstract painting  is the most difficult. It demands that you know how to draw well, that you have a heightened sensitivity for composition and for colors, and that you be a true poet. This last is essential.   The Origins of Abstract Art Art historians typically identify the early 20th century as an important historical moment in the history of  abstract art. During this time, artists worked to create what they defined  as pure art: creative works that were not grounded in visual perceptions, but in the imagination of the artist. Influential works from this time period include Kandinskys 1911 Picture with a Circle and Caoutchouc,  created by the French avant-garde artist Francis Picabia (1879–1953) in 1909. The roots of abstract art, however, can be traced back much further. Artists associated with movements such as the 19th centurys  Impressionism and Expressionism were experimenting with the idea that painting can capture emotion and subjectivity. It need not simply focus on seemingly objective visual perceptions. Going back even further, many ancient rock paintings, textile patterns, and pottery designs captured a symbolic reality rather than attempting to present objects as we see them. Early Influential Abstract Artists Kandinsky is often considered one of the most influential abstract artists. A view of how his style progressed from  representational to pure abstract art over the years  is a fascinating look at the movement in general. Kandinsky himself was adept at explaining how an abstract artist may use color to give a seemingly meaningless work purpose. Kandinsky believed that colors provoke emotions. Red was lively and confident; green was peaceful with inner strength; blue was deep and supernatural; yellow could be warm, exciting, disturbing or totally bonkers; and white seemed silent but full of possibilities. He also assigned instrument tones to go with each color. Red sounded like a trumpet; green sounded like a middle-position violin; light blue sounded like a flute; dark blue sounded like a cello, yellow sounded like a fanfare of trumpets; white sounded like the pause in a harmonious melody. These analogies to sounds came from Kandinskys appreciation for music, especially the works of the contemporary Viennese composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951). Kandinskys titles often refer to the colors in the composition or to music, for example, Improvisation 28 and Composition II.   The French artist Robert Delaunay (1885–1941) belonged to Kandinskys Blue Rider (Die Blaue Reiter) group. With his wife, Russian-born Sonia Delaunay-Turk (1885–1979), they both gravitated toward abstraction in their own movement, Orphism or Orphic Cubism. Examples of Abstract Art and Artists Today, abstract art is often an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of styles and art movements. Included among these are  nonrepresentational art, nonobjective art, abstract expressionism, art informel  (a form of gestural art), and even some op art (optical art, referring to art that makes use of optical illusions). Abstract art may be gestural, geometric, fluid, or figurative—implying things that are not visual such as emotion, sound, or spirituality. While we tend to associate abstract art with painting and sculpture, it can apply to any visual medium, including  assemblage  and photography. Yet, it is the painters that get the most attention in this movement. There are many notable artists who represent the various approaches one may take to abstract art and they have had considerable influence on modern art. Carlo Carrà  Ã‚  (1881–1966) was an Italian painter best known for his work in Futurism, a form of abstract art which emphasized the energy and fast-changing technology of the early 20th century. Over his career, he worked in Cubism as well and many of his paintings were abstractions of reality. However, his manifesto, Painting of Sounds, Noises and Smells  (1913) influenced many abstract artists. It explains his fascination with synaesthesia, a sensory crossover in which, for example, one smells a color, which is at the heart of many abstract artworks.Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916) was another Italian Futurist who focused on geometric forms and was heavily influenced by Cubism. His work often depicts physical motion as is seen in  States of Mind (1911). This series of three paintings capture the motion and emotion of a train station rather than the physical depiction of passengers and trains.Kazimir Malevich (1878–1935) was a Russian painter whom many describ e as a pioneer of geometric abstract art. One of his best-known works is  Black Square (1915). It is simplistic but absolutely fascinating to art historians because, as an analysis from the Tate mentions, It is the first time someone made a painting that wasnt of something.  Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), an American painter, is often given as the ideal representation of Abstract Expressionism, or action painting. His work is more than drips and splashes of paint on canvas, but fully gestural and rhythmic and often employed very non-traditional techniques. For instance, Full Fathom Five  (1947)  is an oil on canvas created, in part, with tacks, coins, cigarettes, and much more. Some of his work, such as There Were Seven in Eight (1945) are huge, stretching over eight feet in width.Mark Rothko (1903–1970) took the geometric abstracts of Malevich to a new level of modernism with color-field painting. This American painter rose in the 1940s and simplified color into a subject all on its own, redefining abstract art for the next generation. His paintings, such as  Four Darks in Red  (1958) and Orange, Red, and Yellow (1961), are as notable for their style as they are for their large size.

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1794 Words

Throughout history, one reoccurring theme has been the harsh judgement of society against those who stand out. Although in certain periods and different societies, public shaming seems to have been more severe, it is, in all actuality, equally cruel today, yet in different forms. Despite this, keeping one s sins a secret and away from societal judgement seems to have more of a negative affect on oneself, often causing poor mental and physical health, than confessing and facing consequences. In The Scarlet Letter, author, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores how one is affected, both physically and mentally, when his/her appearance doesn t match his/her reality through the main characters of the novel, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. In their 1600 s Puritan society, Hawthorne depicts the differences between Hester and Dimmesdale’s public versus private shaming for their committed sin of adultery, reflected through how both forms of ignominy affect their characters mental and physi cal health. Although Hester and Dimmesdale are the main characters that struggle with the difficulty of their appearance matching their reality, there are others that contribute to their conflicts. These characters are known as Pearl, Hester’s daughter who is being portrayed as â€Å"God’s messenger† to teach her to be her true self, and Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s long lost husband who torments Dimmesdale, also teaching him to be his true self by challenging him confess his sin throughout the novel. InShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God? Answer: Introducation The reason as to why hadith began remains a big question to the Muslim community specifically because of the directives by which Quran give regarding serving none other than God alone. In fact, there has been a condemnation of hadith by most of the Islamic communities basing their argument on facts highlighted by Mohammad that there should be no any other book than Quran. Mohammad, a holy being who is believed to be the messenger of God, hinted out that whoever takes a keen interest on hadith is directly sinning against God. In that connection, Mohammad, the Messenger of God issued a decree that all hadith that had been written regarding him should be burnt. That is, people should concentrate more on reading facts from the Quran instead of dwelling much on hadith, the situation that would give rise to lies and false beliefs. In particular, evaluation of why hadith began will be necessary to provide a blueprint of the subject. Hadith are major writing that plays an integral role in the development of Islamic law. Although there have been facts that most of the hadith does not contain real deeds of the Muhammad, it is not possible to elaborate the provisions of Islamic law without appreciating the presence of hadith (Berkey, 2014). Therefore, the main reason as to why hadith began is that there was a need by the Islamic community to understand better the Quran whose hints were easily explained in the hadith. Another reason for introducing the hadith was that there grew complexity emanating from the misunderstanding regarding the Muhammad since his closest companion collectively known as sahaba had diverted their attention towards Sunnah, customs that are well dictated in hadith. Due to that reason, there emerged disunion regarding the authenticity and in particular wanting to assess which side spoke the little truth regarding Muhammad. Most of the Muslim communities had to accept the beginning of hadith sin ce Sahaba had followed suit irrespective of the fact that they were companions of Muhammad. The drawing of hadith came right after the death of prophet of God, Muhammad. One of the interesting issues regarding the suitability of hadith is that it contains the specifications of Sunnah (Amir-Moezzi, 2016). At the same time, Sunnah that means path matches with Qadim that refers to old being or else the Quran itself. Precisely, that is to imply that as long as Sunnah is elaborated in hadith, hadith is the same thing with Quran hence its teachings are fruitful concerning the well-being of Islamic community. Corbin (2014) posits that after the death of prophet of God, hadith was the only way Sahaba would write the right deeds concerning Muhammad so that it could act as a spear header for the growing generation to embrace the steps of the messenger of God. Consequently, both Sunnar and Quran cannot be treated separately hence rendering hadith worthwhile. It is after the discovery of inclusion of Sunnar in hadith that burning such writings ended. Muhammad was a holy being, and his companions believed in him in all their undertakings. For that matter, hadith would prove valuable after the death of Muhammad so that all his deeds would be written for the generations to come. Muhammad was full of eloquence, spiritual charisma, destructive effects as well as straightforward honesty (Berg, 2013). The death of Muhammad solely contributed to scattering of his companions. Coincidentally, it was at that time the Muslim community was expanding whereby they had little knowledge concerning the messenger of God. Therefore, those companions of Muhammad had to think of best ways in which knowledge about the prophet of God would be instilled in the minds of the growing Muslim community, hence, triggering the beginning of hadith. Besides, Muhammad during his time on earth performed many miracles that ought to be recorded. Muhammad healed people, blessed children and touched things that would remain memorable to his companions (Nazri et al., 20 15). People were healed of their illness after touching those things Muhammad blessed, therefore, evoking the need to develop hadith so that all those acts could be remembered. In short, hadith is a collection of writings that play a significant role in the commemoration of the life of Muhammad here on earth. According to Talib, Sidik and Jamsari (2014), Mohammad was a strict encourager who pleaded to people to take into account the knowledge acquired from Quran and Sunnah. During that time, imams, Qadis and judges took hold of the specifications of Sunnah so that they could reap blessings for following all that Muhammad required them to do. Besides, Sunnah proved helpful to the Muslim army that guarded the prophet of Islam. That is, during wars, they rehearsed Sunnah hence enabling them to overcome Palestine, Egypt and Persian army. Due to the continued spread of Muslim dominion all over the earth, the urge to discover the essence of hadith arose (Daryaee Rezakhani, 2016). Hadith augured well with the Muslims who undoubtedly used them as a source of reference wherever they faced challenges. Such high points concerning the success of Sunnah led to the beginning of hadith literature that proves necessary up to date as far as Muslim community is concerned. It is believed that during the advent of Islam, only a few people knew how to write and read in the city of Mecca. In the same case, those individuals residing in the town of Medinah with skills regarding arts were few. Also, were different people followed the culture that was targets of Islamic converts. It was not possible to rely only on the Quran to save the Jews who dominated some parts of Mecca and Medinah (John et al., 2015). Therefore, the need to institute hadith to take care of the growing population for the sake of knowing and understanding concepts behind Islam was significant. The drawing of a constitution by various states at that time had to rely on hadith so that their laws could be adequately interpreted basing facts from the teaching of Muhammad as well as God himself. In conclusion, the reasons behind the beginning of hadith are self-explanatory. Right from the time of Muhammad, his companions kept on noting events that proved necessary for their life, little did they know that they were paving the way for hadith. After the compilation of canonical collections, hadith served a great importance whereby Islamic community was guaranteed authenticity. Islamic law appeared difficult to understand hence triggering the emergence of hadith for simplicity. Briefly, hadith came to being for the betterment of Islamic community now and for the generation to come. References Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (2016).The Silent Qur'an and the Speaking Qur'an: Scriptural Sources of Islam Between History and Fervor. Columbia University Press. Berg, H. (2013).The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period. Routledge. Berkey, J. P. (2014).The transmission of knowledge in medieval Cairo: a social history of Islamic education. Princeton University Press. Corbin, H. (2014).History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. Daryaee, T., Rezakhani, K. (2016).Sasanian Empire. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Waemustafa, W., Sukri, S. (2015). Theory of Gharar and its interpretation of Risk and Uncertainty from the perspectives of Authentic Hadith and the Holy Quran: A Qualitative Analysis. Nazri, M. A., Mustafa, L., Othman, F. M., Sakat, A. A., Usman, A. H., Amin, M. F. M. (2015). The Intellectuality of Al-Dihlawi: A Review on His Contribution in Science of Prophetic Tradition.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5), 302. Talib, N. M., Sidik, R., Jamsari, E. (2014). Orientalist methodology in the study of Islamic history and civilization. InThe Proceedings The 5th International Symposium on Islamic, Civilization and Science(pp. 438-455).

The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing

Introduction Exhibitions, also known as shows, expositions, fairs or just expos are defined as a gathering of people at a specific place and time to display goods and services for the purposes of promoting trade. The word comes from the Latin term ‘expositio’ meaning ‘to show’ or ‘display’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to note that the four varieties of exhibitions may at times mean different things depending on organization, duration and recurrence. Beier and Dumbock (5) differentiate between a fair and an exhibition. They find that traditionally, fairs were shorter, periodic, less organized and randomly situated. This was in contrast with exhibitions which were one-time events running for months at a particular location designed for the purpose. Exhibitions were also highly organized unlike fairs and were mainly run by local governments. Another significant difference between fairs and exhibitions was the fact that in fairs unlike exhibitions, goods were sold and bought regularly. Exhibitions were only meant for display with the intention of inducing future sales. Currently, traditional exhibitions are the modern-day trade fairs and expositions in terms of business operation. Today we have large expositions known as World Fairs or EXPOs where countries come together to showcase their products in the international arena. Universal Expos form the highest level of exhibitions (Anderson 3). The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the official body in charge of organizing specialized international expositions. Normally, such expositions last between 3 to 6 months and countries showcase themselves for trade and tourism purposes (Morrow 9). Modern expos differ with trade fairs in terms of theme and architectural design. Various expos hav e been held since the Brussels expo of 1958 with the latest being the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Trade Fairs as forms of Exhibitions This has been the primary method through which countries have marketed themselves as exporters. They are more specialized and industry-specific. Traditionally, trade fairs were horizontal i.e. various products confined to a particular industry were showcased.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, these fairs are vertically organized and the entire industry is often represented, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. These participants are usually pre-qualified by confirming attendance and the nature of their business. Trade Shows These are usually industry specific but limited in scope compared to trade fairs. They are more focused on the industry or companies rather than the country of origin. These shows are attended by members of the public though the company representatives play a bigger role in ensuring that the products are well presented for display (Kerin Cron 87). The basic aim of trade shows is to promote the company through display and advertisement. However, recent trade shows have included the trade function and more and more product and service contracts are being signed during trade shows. In one way or another, trade shows do market the country of origin and the fact that they are international in nature presents a good opportunity for the country to ensure that it coordinates with the private sector to promote the country’s image. Since exhibitors at trade shows are generally manufacturers or producers, trade shows play an important role almost equivalent to other types of exhibitions since they represent the country of origin as an exporter. Trade shows usually on an invite-only basis for companies and they may be as short as a day and as long as ten days. They are usually recurrent in nature wit h most being held annually (Kijewski et al 287). Consumer shows (public shows) These types of exhibitions are usually open to the public and they are mainly run by retail outlets, service providers or manufacturers. Their main aim is to bring goods and services directly to the consumer for direct selling. These shows may be industry wide or interest-wide meaning that even unrelated companies may showcase their goods or services together. They usually bring consumers together in one place by offering product advice, education, discounts and entertainment. They benefit the seller by bringing in immediate purchases, product awareness and good public relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also present a good forum for product testing. On a national level, consumer shows improve the country’s image where the intended t arget is a foreign market. However, their application is limited since little mention of the country of origin is made. Mixed shows They usually combine both public and trade shows. This is not a category in itself since trade shows and trade fairs qualify as mixed shows since they serve both functions. Mixed shows have the dual effect of promoting sales while increasing product awareness. Usually, these shows are organized in a manner that ensures that the participants meet on certain days while on other days, they are allowed to display their goods to the public (Goldblatt 6). Benefits of Exhibitions to a country Exhibitions offer a country the best opportunity to market its products or itself for tourism purposes. This is because of the large number of people who attend exhibitions. Simply put, exhibitions present an interactive forum for supply and demand. The fact that these exhibitions are usually industry-specific or thematic helps the country concentrate on a particular sect or of its economy that may not be doing well. Exhibitions therefore present the country with a great opportunity to revive their industries. Research has shown that attending exhibitions presents the consumer with better information about a product or industry than any other form of marketing or advertisement. Additionally, no other marketing tool presents the three functions of trade, transparency and development together as exhibitions do. The trade function occurs where the consumers and producers sign trade contracts during the exhibition. The transparency function provides a market overview for the industry and it enables competitors to meet and exchange information. Lastly, the development function occurs directly and indirectly by promoting the image of the country that hosts the exhibition. The UFI, which is the worldwide association of the exhibition industry, keeps records on exhibitions around the globe. They report that exhibitions have really caught up as the main adver tisement tool for countries and companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics from the year 2000 alone show that there were about 30,000 exhibitions held globally. In those exhibitions, approximately 3.2 million participants exhibited their products and services to over 350 million people who attended these events. Normally, when an exhibition is held, the organizer pays related taxes, invests heavily in infrastructure and brings as many exhibitors as possible to one location. This has the effect of bringing direct benefits to local governments and residents of the area around the location of the exhibition as they offer support services for the attendees. This is achieved through wages and jobs being created and exhibition participants making certain expenditures. While hosts may benefit directly, there is a spin-off effect that brings economic gain to all parties. An analysis of the spin-off effect reveals that the first persons to benefit are the organizers of exhibitions through payment of registration fees for attendance. Other direct benefits accrue to central and local governments through the remittance of taxes and also to the residents who get jobs and wages directly related to the exhibition. Restaurants, transport companies and retail stores also add to the list of direct beneficiaries of exhibitions. Other non-monetary benefits include an enhanced reputation and also the establishment of a future market for trade and tourism. The advantages of exhibitions are so many such that in a 2004 management survey, German managers stated that they felt that participating in exhibitions brought much more value to the company than media advertisement (Beier Dumbock 34). The reasons given for the high ranking of exhibitions were threefold; first exhibitions enabled their companies introduce new services and products, initiate more sales and finally develop relationships with known and future buyers and suppliers. While it is quite understandable why managers would consider exhibitions before advertisements, it remains unclear why there is more investment in the latter rather than the former. However, the reason might be the inconsistency of exhibitions and the fact that they are beyond managerial control. Exhibitions remain high interest events. They bring together important suppliers and buyers unlike in other marketing tools where the information is received by interested and non-interested buyers. This is why they are good targets for new products and increased sales. There is also the transponding-and-delay effect whereby an organization can still be raking in benefits from attending an exhibition twelve months or more after the closure of the event (Robbe 35). The fact that the producers and retailers get an opportunity to make new contacts and relate face-to-face with consumers makes exhibitions invaluable to both countries and industries. In addition to the above benefits, exhibitions also have special advantages. These include; lowering of transaction costs which is achieved by concentrating pro duct and service providers in one location, neutral sales area whereby visitors and exhibitors are able to interact freely without commitments or the harsh competitive climate of routine trade, conditional locational pull where the customer enjoys the benefits of getting products closer to his or her location without ordinary hustles (Rosson Seringhaus 81) and finally, limited availability where the short duration of exhibitions ensures that there is concentration of various marketing tools such as media coverage, salesmen etc. in one particular area. This ensures that showcased products receive maximum attention. Judging from the benefits stated above, it is quite clear why countries may use exhibitions as the best marketing tool for rebranding and reviving industries. An exhibition gives the country an opportunity to present itself to an established clientele which brings about foreign investment (Czinkota Ronkainen 317). Where the country hosts the exhibition, it gains immensel y through direct foreign exchange earned and indirectly through the promotion of its image and its qualities. Therefore, these events can be useful in rebranding, revival and rejuvenation of a country through trade and tourism. Conclusion As seen above, countries can use exhibition events to boost their image for both trade and tourism purposes. This is achieved in three aspects; the product aspect, the distribution aspect and finally, the contract aspect (Christman 5). The product aspect refers to the presentation of the country’s goods, services and tourist benefits as a distinct product package that is attractive to the attendees of the exhibition. Secondly, the distribution aspect refers to the acquisition of a new market base for the showcased package either for trade or for tourism. Finally, an exhibition boosts a country’s economy through the contract aspect where interested participants in the exhibition make purchases from the country’s stand, or sign l ong-term contracts to purchase goods or services from that country. Works Cited Anderson, Eleanor. The Expo Story. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1986.Print Beier, JÃ ¶rg and Dumbock, Simon. The Role of Exhibitions in the Marketing Mix. UFI Journal, 1 (2005): 1-45 Christman, Christine. The Complete Handbook of Profitable Trade Show Exhibiting. Washington: Prentice Hall, 1991. Print Czinkota, Michael and Ronkainen, Ilka. International Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2002. Print Goldblatt, Joe Jeff. Special Events, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1997. Print Kerin, Roger A. and Cron, William. Assessing Trade Show Functions and Performance: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing 51 (1987): 87-94. Kijewski, Valerie, Eunsang Yoon and Gary Young. How Exhibitors Select Trade Shows. Industrial Marketing Management, 22 (1993): 287-298. Morrow, Sandra. The Art of the Show, Second Edition. Dallas: Greenwood, 2002. Print Robbe, Don. Expositions and Trade Shows. Montreal: W iley, 2000. Print Rosson, Philip and Seringhaus. F.H.R. Visitor and Exhibitor Interaction at Industrial Trade Fairs. Journal of Business Research, 32(1995): 81-90. This essay on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing was written and submitted by user Zackary Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.