Origins and Schools of Abstract Art

Abstract art (sometimes called nonobjective art) is a painting or sculpture  that does not depict a person, place, or thing in the natural world. With abstract art, the subject of the work is what you see: color, shapes, brushstrokes, size, scale, and, in some cases, the process itself, as in  action painting.   Abstract artists strive to be non-objective and non-representational, allowing the viewer to interpret each artworks meaning in their own way. Thus, abstract art is not an exaggerated or distorted view of the world such as we see in the Cubist paintings of Paul Cà ©zanne (1839–1906)  and  Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), for they present a type of conceptual realism. Instead, form and color become the focus and the subject of the piece. While some people may argue that abstract art does not require the technical skills of representational art, others would beg to differ. It has, indeed, become one of the major debates in modern art. As Russian abstract artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) put it: Of all the arts,  abstract painting  is the most difficult. It demands that you know how to draw well, that you have a heightened sensitivity for composition and for colors, and that you be a true poet. This last is essential.   The Origins of Abstract Art Art historians typically identify the early 20th century as an important historical moment in the history of  abstract art. During this time, artists worked to create what they defined  as pure art: creative works that were not grounded in visual perceptions, but in the imagination of the artist. Influential works from this time period include Kandinskys 1911 Picture with a Circle and Caoutchouc,  created by the French avant-garde artist Francis Picabia (1879–1953) in 1909. The roots of abstract art, however, can be traced back much further. Artists associated with movements such as the 19th centurys  Impressionism and Expressionism were experimenting with the idea that painting can capture emotion and subjectivity. It need not simply focus on seemingly objective visual perceptions. Going back even further, many ancient rock paintings, textile patterns, and pottery designs captured a symbolic reality rather than attempting to present objects as we see them. Early Influential Abstract Artists Kandinsky is often considered one of the most influential abstract artists. A view of how his style progressed from  representational to pure abstract art over the years  is a fascinating look at the movement in general. Kandinsky himself was adept at explaining how an abstract artist may use color to give a seemingly meaningless work purpose. Kandinsky believed that colors provoke emotions. Red was lively and confident; green was peaceful with inner strength; blue was deep and supernatural; yellow could be warm, exciting, disturbing or totally bonkers; and white seemed silent but full of possibilities. He also assigned instrument tones to go with each color. Red sounded like a trumpet; green sounded like a middle-position violin; light blue sounded like a flute; dark blue sounded like a cello, yellow sounded like a fanfare of trumpets; white sounded like the pause in a harmonious melody. These analogies to sounds came from Kandinskys appreciation for music, especially the works of the contemporary Viennese composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951). Kandinskys titles often refer to the colors in the composition or to music, for example, Improvisation 28 and Composition II.   The French artist Robert Delaunay (1885–1941) belonged to Kandinskys Blue Rider (Die Blaue Reiter) group. With his wife, Russian-born Sonia Delaunay-Turk (1885–1979), they both gravitated toward abstraction in their own movement, Orphism or Orphic Cubism. Examples of Abstract Art and Artists Today, abstract art is often an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of styles and art movements. Included among these are  nonrepresentational art, nonobjective art, abstract expressionism, art informel  (a form of gestural art), and even some op art (optical art, referring to art that makes use of optical illusions). Abstract art may be gestural, geometric, fluid, or figurative—implying things that are not visual such as emotion, sound, or spirituality. While we tend to associate abstract art with painting and sculpture, it can apply to any visual medium, including  assemblage  and photography. Yet, it is the painters that get the most attention in this movement. There are many notable artists who represent the various approaches one may take to abstract art and they have had considerable influence on modern art. Carlo Carrà  Ã‚  (1881–1966) was an Italian painter best known for his work in Futurism, a form of abstract art which emphasized the energy and fast-changing technology of the early 20th century. Over his career, he worked in Cubism as well and many of his paintings were abstractions of reality. However, his manifesto, Painting of Sounds, Noises and Smells  (1913) influenced many abstract artists. It explains his fascination with synaesthesia, a sensory crossover in which, for example, one smells a color, which is at the heart of many abstract artworks.Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916) was another Italian Futurist who focused on geometric forms and was heavily influenced by Cubism. His work often depicts physical motion as is seen in  States of Mind (1911). This series of three paintings capture the motion and emotion of a train station rather than the physical depiction of passengers and trains.Kazimir Malevich (1878–1935) was a Russian painter whom many describ e as a pioneer of geometric abstract art. One of his best-known works is  Black Square (1915). It is simplistic but absolutely fascinating to art historians because, as an analysis from the Tate mentions, It is the first time someone made a painting that wasnt of something.  Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), an American painter, is often given as the ideal representation of Abstract Expressionism, or action painting. His work is more than drips and splashes of paint on canvas, but fully gestural and rhythmic and often employed very non-traditional techniques. For instance, Full Fathom Five  (1947)  is an oil on canvas created, in part, with tacks, coins, cigarettes, and much more. Some of his work, such as There Were Seven in Eight (1945) are huge, stretching over eight feet in width.Mark Rothko (1903–1970) took the geometric abstracts of Malevich to a new level of modernism with color-field painting. This American painter rose in the 1940s and simplified color into a subject all on its own, redefining abstract art for the next generation. His paintings, such as  Four Darks in Red  (1958) and Orange, Red, and Yellow (1961), are as notable for their style as they are for their large size.

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1794 Words

Throughout history, one reoccurring theme has been the harsh judgement of society against those who stand out. Although in certain periods and different societies, public shaming seems to have been more severe, it is, in all actuality, equally cruel today, yet in different forms. Despite this, keeping one s sins a secret and away from societal judgement seems to have more of a negative affect on oneself, often causing poor mental and physical health, than confessing and facing consequences. In The Scarlet Letter, author, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores how one is affected, both physically and mentally, when his/her appearance doesn t match his/her reality through the main characters of the novel, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. In their 1600 s Puritan society, Hawthorne depicts the differences between Hester and Dimmesdale’s public versus private shaming for their committed sin of adultery, reflected through how both forms of ignominy affect their characters mental and physi cal health. Although Hester and Dimmesdale are the main characters that struggle with the difficulty of their appearance matching their reality, there are others that contribute to their conflicts. These characters are known as Pearl, Hester’s daughter who is being portrayed as â€Å"God’s messenger† to teach her to be her true self, and Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s long lost husband who torments Dimmesdale, also teaching him to be his true self by challenging him confess his sin throughout the novel. InShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God? Answer: Introducation The reason as to why hadith began remains a big question to the Muslim community specifically because of the directives by which Quran give regarding serving none other than God alone. In fact, there has been a condemnation of hadith by most of the Islamic communities basing their argument on facts highlighted by Mohammad that there should be no any other book than Quran. Mohammad, a holy being who is believed to be the messenger of God, hinted out that whoever takes a keen interest on hadith is directly sinning against God. In that connection, Mohammad, the Messenger of God issued a decree that all hadith that had been written regarding him should be burnt. That is, people should concentrate more on reading facts from the Quran instead of dwelling much on hadith, the situation that would give rise to lies and false beliefs. In particular, evaluation of why hadith began will be necessary to provide a blueprint of the subject. Hadith are major writing that plays an integral role in the development of Islamic law. Although there have been facts that most of the hadith does not contain real deeds of the Muhammad, it is not possible to elaborate the provisions of Islamic law without appreciating the presence of hadith (Berkey, 2014). Therefore, the main reason as to why hadith began is that there was a need by the Islamic community to understand better the Quran whose hints were easily explained in the hadith. Another reason for introducing the hadith was that there grew complexity emanating from the misunderstanding regarding the Muhammad since his closest companion collectively known as sahaba had diverted their attention towards Sunnah, customs that are well dictated in hadith. Due to that reason, there emerged disunion regarding the authenticity and in particular wanting to assess which side spoke the little truth regarding Muhammad. Most of the Muslim communities had to accept the beginning of hadith sin ce Sahaba had followed suit irrespective of the fact that they were companions of Muhammad. The drawing of hadith came right after the death of prophet of God, Muhammad. One of the interesting issues regarding the suitability of hadith is that it contains the specifications of Sunnah (Amir-Moezzi, 2016). At the same time, Sunnah that means path matches with Qadim that refers to old being or else the Quran itself. Precisely, that is to imply that as long as Sunnah is elaborated in hadith, hadith is the same thing with Quran hence its teachings are fruitful concerning the well-being of Islamic community. Corbin (2014) posits that after the death of prophet of God, hadith was the only way Sahaba would write the right deeds concerning Muhammad so that it could act as a spear header for the growing generation to embrace the steps of the messenger of God. Consequently, both Sunnar and Quran cannot be treated separately hence rendering hadith worthwhile. It is after the discovery of inclusion of Sunnar in hadith that burning such writings ended. Muhammad was a holy being, and his companions believed in him in all their undertakings. For that matter, hadith would prove valuable after the death of Muhammad so that all his deeds would be written for the generations to come. Muhammad was full of eloquence, spiritual charisma, destructive effects as well as straightforward honesty (Berg, 2013). The death of Muhammad solely contributed to scattering of his companions. Coincidentally, it was at that time the Muslim community was expanding whereby they had little knowledge concerning the messenger of God. Therefore, those companions of Muhammad had to think of best ways in which knowledge about the prophet of God would be instilled in the minds of the growing Muslim community, hence, triggering the beginning of hadith. Besides, Muhammad during his time on earth performed many miracles that ought to be recorded. Muhammad healed people, blessed children and touched things that would remain memorable to his companions (Nazri et al., 20 15). People were healed of their illness after touching those things Muhammad blessed, therefore, evoking the need to develop hadith so that all those acts could be remembered. In short, hadith is a collection of writings that play a significant role in the commemoration of the life of Muhammad here on earth. According to Talib, Sidik and Jamsari (2014), Mohammad was a strict encourager who pleaded to people to take into account the knowledge acquired from Quran and Sunnah. During that time, imams, Qadis and judges took hold of the specifications of Sunnah so that they could reap blessings for following all that Muhammad required them to do. Besides, Sunnah proved helpful to the Muslim army that guarded the prophet of Islam. That is, during wars, they rehearsed Sunnah hence enabling them to overcome Palestine, Egypt and Persian army. Due to the continued spread of Muslim dominion all over the earth, the urge to discover the essence of hadith arose (Daryaee Rezakhani, 2016). Hadith augured well with the Muslims who undoubtedly used them as a source of reference wherever they faced challenges. Such high points concerning the success of Sunnah led to the beginning of hadith literature that proves necessary up to date as far as Muslim community is concerned. It is believed that during the advent of Islam, only a few people knew how to write and read in the city of Mecca. In the same case, those individuals residing in the town of Medinah with skills regarding arts were few. Also, were different people followed the culture that was targets of Islamic converts. It was not possible to rely only on the Quran to save the Jews who dominated some parts of Mecca and Medinah (John et al., 2015). Therefore, the need to institute hadith to take care of the growing population for the sake of knowing and understanding concepts behind Islam was significant. The drawing of a constitution by various states at that time had to rely on hadith so that their laws could be adequately interpreted basing facts from the teaching of Muhammad as well as God himself. In conclusion, the reasons behind the beginning of hadith are self-explanatory. Right from the time of Muhammad, his companions kept on noting events that proved necessary for their life, little did they know that they were paving the way for hadith. After the compilation of canonical collections, hadith served a great importance whereby Islamic community was guaranteed authenticity. Islamic law appeared difficult to understand hence triggering the emergence of hadith for simplicity. Briefly, hadith came to being for the betterment of Islamic community now and for the generation to come. References Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (2016).The Silent Qur'an and the Speaking Qur'an: Scriptural Sources of Islam Between History and Fervor. Columbia University Press. Berg, H. (2013).The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period. Routledge. Berkey, J. P. (2014).The transmission of knowledge in medieval Cairo: a social history of Islamic education. Princeton University Press. Corbin, H. (2014).History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. Daryaee, T., Rezakhani, K. (2016).Sasanian Empire. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Waemustafa, W., Sukri, S. (2015). Theory of Gharar and its interpretation of Risk and Uncertainty from the perspectives of Authentic Hadith and the Holy Quran: A Qualitative Analysis. Nazri, M. A., Mustafa, L., Othman, F. M., Sakat, A. A., Usman, A. H., Amin, M. F. M. (2015). The Intellectuality of Al-Dihlawi: A Review on His Contribution in Science of Prophetic Tradition.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5), 302. Talib, N. M., Sidik, R., Jamsari, E. (2014). Orientalist methodology in the study of Islamic history and civilization. InThe Proceedings The 5th International Symposium on Islamic, Civilization and Science(pp. 438-455).

The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing

Introduction Exhibitions, also known as shows, expositions, fairs or just expos are defined as a gathering of people at a specific place and time to display goods and services for the purposes of promoting trade. The word comes from the Latin term ‘expositio’ meaning ‘to show’ or ‘display’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to note that the four varieties of exhibitions may at times mean different things depending on organization, duration and recurrence. Beier and Dumbock (5) differentiate between a fair and an exhibition. They find that traditionally, fairs were shorter, periodic, less organized and randomly situated. This was in contrast with exhibitions which were one-time events running for months at a particular location designed for the purpose. Exhibitions were also highly organized unlike fairs and were mainly run by local governments. Another significant difference between fairs and exhibitions was the fact that in fairs unlike exhibitions, goods were sold and bought regularly. Exhibitions were only meant for display with the intention of inducing future sales. Currently, traditional exhibitions are the modern-day trade fairs and expositions in terms of business operation. Today we have large expositions known as World Fairs or EXPOs where countries come together to showcase their products in the international arena. Universal Expos form the highest level of exhibitions (Anderson 3). The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the official body in charge of organizing specialized international expositions. Normally, such expositions last between 3 to 6 months and countries showcase themselves for trade and tourism purposes (Morrow 9). Modern expos differ with trade fairs in terms of theme and architectural design. Various expos hav e been held since the Brussels expo of 1958 with the latest being the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Trade Fairs as forms of Exhibitions This has been the primary method through which countries have marketed themselves as exporters. They are more specialized and industry-specific. Traditionally, trade fairs were horizontal i.e. various products confined to a particular industry were showcased.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, these fairs are vertically organized and the entire industry is often represented, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. These participants are usually pre-qualified by confirming attendance and the nature of their business. Trade Shows These are usually industry specific but limited in scope compared to trade fairs. They are more focused on the industry or companies rather than the country of origin. These shows are attended by members of the public though the company representatives play a bigger role in ensuring that the products are well presented for display (Kerin Cron 87). The basic aim of trade shows is to promote the company through display and advertisement. However, recent trade shows have included the trade function and more and more product and service contracts are being signed during trade shows. In one way or another, trade shows do market the country of origin and the fact that they are international in nature presents a good opportunity for the country to ensure that it coordinates with the private sector to promote the country’s image. Since exhibitors at trade shows are generally manufacturers or producers, trade shows play an important role almost equivalent to other types of exhibitions since they represent the country of origin as an exporter. Trade shows usually on an invite-only basis for companies and they may be as short as a day and as long as ten days. They are usually recurrent in nature wit h most being held annually (Kijewski et al 287). Consumer shows (public shows) These types of exhibitions are usually open to the public and they are mainly run by retail outlets, service providers or manufacturers. Their main aim is to bring goods and services directly to the consumer for direct selling. These shows may be industry wide or interest-wide meaning that even unrelated companies may showcase their goods or services together. They usually bring consumers together in one place by offering product advice, education, discounts and entertainment. They benefit the seller by bringing in immediate purchases, product awareness and good public relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also present a good forum for product testing. On a national level, consumer shows improve the country’s image where the intended t arget is a foreign market. However, their application is limited since little mention of the country of origin is made. Mixed shows They usually combine both public and trade shows. This is not a category in itself since trade shows and trade fairs qualify as mixed shows since they serve both functions. Mixed shows have the dual effect of promoting sales while increasing product awareness. Usually, these shows are organized in a manner that ensures that the participants meet on certain days while on other days, they are allowed to display their goods to the public (Goldblatt 6). Benefits of Exhibitions to a country Exhibitions offer a country the best opportunity to market its products or itself for tourism purposes. This is because of the large number of people who attend exhibitions. Simply put, exhibitions present an interactive forum for supply and demand. The fact that these exhibitions are usually industry-specific or thematic helps the country concentrate on a particular sect or of its economy that may not be doing well. Exhibitions therefore present the country with a great opportunity to revive their industries. Research has shown that attending exhibitions presents the consumer with better information about a product or industry than any other form of marketing or advertisement. Additionally, no other marketing tool presents the three functions of trade, transparency and development together as exhibitions do. The trade function occurs where the consumers and producers sign trade contracts during the exhibition. The transparency function provides a market overview for the industry and it enables competitors to meet and exchange information. Lastly, the development function occurs directly and indirectly by promoting the image of the country that hosts the exhibition. The UFI, which is the worldwide association of the exhibition industry, keeps records on exhibitions around the globe. They report that exhibitions have really caught up as the main adver tisement tool for countries and companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics from the year 2000 alone show that there were about 30,000 exhibitions held globally. In those exhibitions, approximately 3.2 million participants exhibited their products and services to over 350 million people who attended these events. Normally, when an exhibition is held, the organizer pays related taxes, invests heavily in infrastructure and brings as many exhibitors as possible to one location. This has the effect of bringing direct benefits to local governments and residents of the area around the location of the exhibition as they offer support services for the attendees. This is achieved through wages and jobs being created and exhibition participants making certain expenditures. While hosts may benefit directly, there is a spin-off effect that brings economic gain to all parties. An analysis of the spin-off effect reveals that the first persons to benefit are the organizers of exhibitions through payment of registration fees for attendance. Other direct benefits accrue to central and local governments through the remittance of taxes and also to the residents who get jobs and wages directly related to the exhibition. Restaurants, transport companies and retail stores also add to the list of direct beneficiaries of exhibitions. Other non-monetary benefits include an enhanced reputation and also the establishment of a future market for trade and tourism. The advantages of exhibitions are so many such that in a 2004 management survey, German managers stated that they felt that participating in exhibitions brought much more value to the company than media advertisement (Beier Dumbock 34). The reasons given for the high ranking of exhibitions were threefold; first exhibitions enabled their companies introduce new services and products, initiate more sales and finally develop relationships with known and future buyers and suppliers. While it is quite understandable why managers would consider exhibitions before advertisements, it remains unclear why there is more investment in the latter rather than the former. However, the reason might be the inconsistency of exhibitions and the fact that they are beyond managerial control. Exhibitions remain high interest events. They bring together important suppliers and buyers unlike in other marketing tools where the information is received by interested and non-interested buyers. This is why they are good targets for new products and increased sales. There is also the transponding-and-delay effect whereby an organization can still be raking in benefits from attending an exhibition twelve months or more after the closure of the event (Robbe 35). The fact that the producers and retailers get an opportunity to make new contacts and relate face-to-face with consumers makes exhibitions invaluable to both countries and industries. In addition to the above benefits, exhibitions also have special advantages. These include; lowering of transaction costs which is achieved by concentrating pro duct and service providers in one location, neutral sales area whereby visitors and exhibitors are able to interact freely without commitments or the harsh competitive climate of routine trade, conditional locational pull where the customer enjoys the benefits of getting products closer to his or her location without ordinary hustles (Rosson Seringhaus 81) and finally, limited availability where the short duration of exhibitions ensures that there is concentration of various marketing tools such as media coverage, salesmen etc. in one particular area. This ensures that showcased products receive maximum attention. Judging from the benefits stated above, it is quite clear why countries may use exhibitions as the best marketing tool for rebranding and reviving industries. An exhibition gives the country an opportunity to present itself to an established clientele which brings about foreign investment (Czinkota Ronkainen 317). Where the country hosts the exhibition, it gains immensel y through direct foreign exchange earned and indirectly through the promotion of its image and its qualities. Therefore, these events can be useful in rebranding, revival and rejuvenation of a country through trade and tourism. Conclusion As seen above, countries can use exhibition events to boost their image for both trade and tourism purposes. This is achieved in three aspects; the product aspect, the distribution aspect and finally, the contract aspect (Christman 5). The product aspect refers to the presentation of the country’s goods, services and tourist benefits as a distinct product package that is attractive to the attendees of the exhibition. Secondly, the distribution aspect refers to the acquisition of a new market base for the showcased package either for trade or for tourism. Finally, an exhibition boosts a country’s economy through the contract aspect where interested participants in the exhibition make purchases from the country’s stand, or sign l ong-term contracts to purchase goods or services from that country. Works Cited Anderson, Eleanor. The Expo Story. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1986.Print Beier, JÃ ¶rg and Dumbock, Simon. The Role of Exhibitions in the Marketing Mix. UFI Journal, 1 (2005): 1-45 Christman, Christine. The Complete Handbook of Profitable Trade Show Exhibiting. Washington: Prentice Hall, 1991. Print Czinkota, Michael and Ronkainen, Ilka. International Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2002. Print Goldblatt, Joe Jeff. Special Events, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1997. Print Kerin, Roger A. and Cron, William. Assessing Trade Show Functions and Performance: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing 51 (1987): 87-94. Kijewski, Valerie, Eunsang Yoon and Gary Young. How Exhibitors Select Trade Shows. Industrial Marketing Management, 22 (1993): 287-298. Morrow, Sandra. The Art of the Show, Second Edition. Dallas: Greenwood, 2002. Print Robbe, Don. Expositions and Trade Shows. Montreal: W iley, 2000. Print Rosson, Philip and Seringhaus. F.H.R. Visitor and Exhibitor Interaction at Industrial Trade Fairs. Journal of Business Research, 32(1995): 81-90. This essay on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing was written and submitted by user Zackary Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

OptiMotors Companys Business Ethics

Table of Contents Introduction Seeing the Ethical Perspective Talking about Ethics Acting against Unethical Practices Review of the Ethical Concept Conclusion Reference List Introduction Business ethics is a very important issue which all enterprises, organisations, and companies need to adhere to in order to be able to enhance their performances. Ethics does not only involve the internal customers who are the workers of an organisation but also extends to cover buyers or customers who purchase goods and services manufactured by the firm (Rutherford et al. 2012, 335).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, competition in business has forced business entities to try and adopt unethical means of attracting and winning business from customers. While wooing customers through the provision and granting of favours is acceptable, bus inesses occasionally outdo it by employing ethically unacceptable methods so as to appease buyers. This paper particularly addresses the aspect of client entertainment, seeking to analyse the limits beyond which business entities need not exceed in entertaining their clients. Seeing the Ethical Perspective Although business ethics is considered to be universal, the aspect remains to be highly subjective, basing on the surrounding circumstances, the timing, as well as the cultural practices being observed (Albert and Franks 2012, 224). These issues would determine whether a manager would regard practice as unethical or falling within the acceptable standards. When companies seek to entertain their customers or potential customers for purposes of winning business opportunities, their managers must first of all be in a position of noticing whether or not whatever the entertainment being planned meets the ethical thresholds or not. In the case of OptiMotors, the CEO of the company sees and realises that it is ethically impractical for potential clients of the company to be entertained at the Red Ruby Club, a strippers club, in the name of an evening out (Lampe and Crystal 2012, 99). Even though Galen, the sales representative head at the company, insists on the visiting delegation from Kinan Motors being hosted at the strippers club, Bob notices that something is amiss in the whole set-up and plan but feels tied to the aftermath, which is the winning of a lucrative business deal with handsome rewards.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is evident, from Bob’s reactions that his individual position considers strippers club’s patronage to be ethically incorrect and distasteful. Although the sales representative head, Galen, who is the one pursuing on plans to have Kinan Motors sign a business deal with OptiMotors insists that there is nothi ng wrong to have the delegation hosted at the Red Ruby Club, the CEO sticks to his ground to ascertain that the whole plan does not receive the ethical clean bill of health, at least from him as an individual. He cites the activities that take place at the entertainment spot as being morally wrong but Galen responds by pointing out that his old school age is probably to blame for such an observation (Cuilla 2011, 335). The manager sees how morally impractical it is to expect potential clients with the standards of Kinan Motors to be hosted at a strippers club but has no, organisational cultural, basis to dismiss such plans. He is not assertive in asking Galen to back-off from plans to host the delegation at Red Ruby Club. The lack of an organisational culture on morality particularly plays a significant role in explaining why Bob sees the danger but treats it casually. He trusts the sales manager as a good performer who should be given the freedom to perform without any interference . Thus, although the CEO seems to insist on Galen seeking an alternative entertainment spot, he is also quick to note that choice and decision squarely lies with him. In other words, although OptiMotors would wish to appear before its clientele as being ethically responsible in its business activities, the prevailing circumstances matter in the choice of action to be taken by OptiMotors. In this instance, the supposed benefit that will be realised by OptiMotors as a result of closing the Kinan deal makes the management overlook the resultant ethical repercussions that could occur. The company feels that for as long as it achieves its business objectives, there is little worry in trying to ensure that the ethics are adhered to and observed (Rutherford et al. 2012, 335).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Talking about Ethics Talking ab out ethical practices for managers is closely associated with seeing. In other words, it is only after seeing unethical practices that managers can discuss the same with a view of addressing such malpractices. For ethics to be strictly adhered to within an organisation, managers need to be the kind who see and also talk about what they see (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 33). This would be implying moral discernment and understanding on the part of the managers. OptiMotors, however, is a perfect example of an organization that does not put into action the â€Å"talking† or â€Å"discussion† bit while dealing with ethical issues of concern. The company’s senior manager notices how unethical it would be for the company if Galen, who is the sales manager, would be allowed to continue with plans to host the delegation from Kinan Motors at a strippers club. Although the CEO expresses dissatisfaction of the plans through his actions, the discussion he holds with his subo rdinate is casual. Bob is not strict in his objection of the plans and instead gives Galen room to decide on which way is perfect. He recognises the fact that Galen is a top performer who needs ample time to decide on what is right for him for as long as the company will be able to close the deal in a satisfactory manner. Bob’s actions towards Galen’s plans are strongly informed by the fact that his subordinate would have easily seen him as being a poor performer when it came to business knowledge and ideas. Although hosting potential business clients in an entertainment spot considered morally wrong could have resulted in OptiMotors losing out on the deal altogether, the CEO appears to be less concerned about the repercussions and instead, he is only concerned with his task of bidding for the clients. There is little indication that the CEO had the obligation of making judgements that concerned the company (Cragg 2012, 16). Had Bob been a manager who recognises the im portance of holding discussions as concerns ethical issues, he would have harboured a strong principle on the impact of communicating, especially to his workers, in a direct and overt manner. In this context, Bob would have given Galen chance to express his position and understanding as concerns his decision to host the delegation at a strippers club.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would then have given Bob a clear and informed opportunity to discuss the issue and explain to him why the company would not condone such plans in the first place. In other words, communication would have allowed both Bob and Gallen to discuss their moral standings and review the implications to the company (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 45). OptiMotors does not create such an environment where subordinates and their respective supervisors can exhaustively discuss ethical practices. Though Galen is the head of the sales department, employees in his department raise their serious ethical concerns with the CEO instead of facing him over the same. April Hartley, an employee at the company serving in the sales department points it out to tell Bob that her reason for resigning from the company is as a result of unethical practices, which her supervisor, Galen, feels comfortable ordering subordinates in the department to practice. April also informs Bob that another employee from the d epartment, Joan, was on her way out because of the same reasons. This indicates that although the subordinates discuss these issues amongst themselves, they feel helpless because they have no channel of involving their superiors in the discussions (Grace and Cohen 2010, 86). To the workers, the fact that it is their own managers pushing them to indulge in unethical practices, in the name of making business, makes them resigned to believing that OptiMotors has little, if any, concerns for ethics and morality. The company, instead, appears to place more emphasis on money and business irrespective of the moral circumstances. Even after April hints to Bob of the impending resignation from Joan, the CEO does not take the initiative to discuss it out with Galen. Both Joan and April are experienced top performing sales representatives whose resignation should have served as a wakeup call for the management to act on the escalating immorality at the firm. However, the concern for business t akes centre stage in the company’s operations, and the CEO, although is disheartened at the resignations, seems to be contented that the company is performing well in the business front. Bob promises the workers that he is willing to discuss their concerns only after they raise it up with him. He is not unaware of what transpires in the company but wishes that workers need to be less pushy and tolerate the practices for as long as the company remains profitable. This continued action by the management, unfortunately, has created the impression to the workers that the company and its entire management have little considerations for ethics (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 39). The diagram below showcases the ethical decision making process in an organisation. Source: Managing Business A talking manager can hardly condone the culture of leniency on committing mistakes at will (Cuillla 2011, 340). Had Bob spoken out in the strongest words possible against Galen’s plans, it wo uld have enhanced accountability amongst the staff at the firm. Workers are likely to be strict in their operations if they see managers speak with firmness against immoral practices. Had this been the case, Bob as the CEO of the company, would have instead initiated imaginative solutions on how to treat the delegation from Kinan Motors other than allowing them to be hosted at the Red Ruby Club. When the CEO appears to discourage Galen from pursuing his Red Ruby plan, the latter is quick to point out that even when Bob goes out to play golf so as to find clients, it is not because he is immoral but because clients have to be looked out for in all means possible (Sen 2009, 46). Bob does not emerge to set the record straight as concerns the two scenarios but rather keeps quiet in the hope that his silence will interfere less with Galen’s plans of finding a lucrative deal for the company. Acting against Unethical Practices Although holding discussions about ethical concerns is p art of acting for managers, there is more action needed from managers to ensure that the ethical issues are fully addressed. Before action can be pursued, the unethical practices must be clearly revealed, and alternative solutions sought to address the situation. Organizational cultures and practices form part of the action plan which managers must pursue to address immorality and unethical practices in the organization. It is evident that OptiMotors lacks any internal structures that can effectively address the concept of ethics within its ranks. Bob, although can determine that Galen’s intended action is ethically wrong, he lacks the structural support to reign in the dissenting officer. Even after the two employees resign citing ethical reasons, Bob is in agreement with their concerns, but the lack of existing structural support leaves him without any resolve to act on the matter (Spencer 1998, 210). Ethical action, however, takes place in a process where one activity lead s to the other (Cuillla 2011, 336). It is this reasoning that explains why it becomes difficult for Bob to out rightly act on Galen’s action plan concerning the evening out of potential OptiMotors’ clients at a strippers club. Equally, the manager fails to move in with speed and put on check a situation where highly performing employees are resigning because of being compelled to act in a manner that is ethically unacceptable. The company can wholesomely be regarded as consequentialist in its actions, planning, and reasoning through its insistence that serving customers is the main concern, whether or not the way followed to attain this objective meets the ethical threshold. Review of the Ethical Concept In seeking to operate in an ethically satisfactory manner that is acceptable to both customers and employees as well, organisations and their management must review all ethical issues arising and seek to address them once and for all. Ethical review enables the organis ation to entrench a culture which, apart from seeking to pursue moral uprightness in actions, also seeks to eliminate completely unethical practices and behaviour (Sandel 2009, 23). When reviews on how the company deals with ethics are not conducted on a regular basis, it leaves the company exposed and, thus, putting it in a very tight situation. It is the lack of ethical reviews that leave Bob unsure of what to do when reality finally downs on him that his company is facing a crisis on ethics. Key employees are leaving OptiMotors, but the CEO feels by interrupting he will affect Galen’s productivity, which would in turn translate to losses in the firm (Cragg 2012, 9). Conclusion Ethics is a key ingredient in the performance of any organisation or company. Clients often analyse the ethical stature of a company before deciding on whether or not to do business with a firm. However, it is important that as companies compete to win the trust of customers, they do not over indulge and in the process end up acting immorally. OptiMotors perform particularly well because the company has put its ultimate goal as that of winning customers at whatever cost. Thus, the sales department which has the responsibility of winning clients indulges in immoral acts in the name of entertaining its clients, both potential and existing ones. Although the CEO notices this, he fails to talk about it, and his inaction leads to key employees resigning their positions citing unethical practice. Reference List Albert, Spalding Jr. Franks Rita. 2012. â€Å"Business ethics as an accreditation requirement: a knowledge mapping approach.† Global Conference on Business Finance Proceedings 7, no. 2: 224-236. Cragg, Wesley. 2012. â€Å"Ethics, enlightened self-interest, and the corporate responsibility to respect human rights: A critical look at the justificatory foundations of the UN framework.† Business Ethics Quarterly 22, no. 1: 9-36 Cuillla, Joanne. 2011. â€Å"Is busi ness ethics getting better? A historical perspective.† Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 2: 335-343. Grace, Damien, and Cohen Stephen. 1999. Business ethics, 4th ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Lampe, Marc, and Crystal Engleman-Lampe. 2012. â€Å"Mindfulness-based business ethics education.† Academy of Educational Leadership Journal 16, no. 3: 99-111 Rutherford, Matthew, Parks Laura, Cavazos David, and White Charles. 2012. â€Å"Business ethics as a required course: Investigating the factors impacting the decision to require ethics in the undergraduate business core curriculum.† Academy of Management Learning Education 11, no. 2: 174-186. Sandel, Michael. 2009. Justice: What’s the right thing to do? New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Sen, Amartya Kumar. 2009. The idea of justice. Cambridge: The Belknap Press. Spencer, Pickett. 1998. â€Å"Diary of a control freak: The manager’s guide to internal control.† Managerial Auditing Journ al 13, no. 4: 210-232. Trevino, Linda, and Katherine Nelson. 2010. Managing business ethics. Danvers, MA: John Wiley Sons. This case study on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics was written and submitted by user Griffin Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller Summertime is when a lot of people grab a book, plop down in a lawn or beach chair and blissfully enter a vivid world that some novelist created. You may think that the way a novelist weaves the web of story is different from the way you write a business proposal, but maybe you should think again. After all, novelists have to solicit business (convince you to read the whole book), state the problem (present the main story conflict), present a solution (resolve the conflict) and show credibility (create a convincing world). Isn’t that what a proposal does? Here are 7 tips from novelists that will help you write a best-selling proposal: #1: KNOW YOUR CHARACTERS Novelists will often write character studies, making lists of attributes for each main character. They include things like what kind of clothing the character wears, how much they eat, what music they listen to and what they love or hate in their relationships. Most of this detail will not make it into the finished novel, but a deep understanding of each character allows the novelist to write the story in a way that has readers empathizing with these fictional people. So, too, will a successful business proposal show the depth of knowledge you have of the target company, their industry and the challenges they face. Do your homework on the client before sitting down to write the proposal. A good business proposal focuses fully on client needs and wants. It's not about you. #2: REMEMBER WHO THE MAIN CHARACTER IS Have you ever started a novel that focuses on one character, only to find out later that he or she has a bit part in the overall plot? That is a failing on the part of the novelist, who should make it clear right up front who the star of the story is. The equivalent of this mistake is when a proposal starts with an â€Å"About Us† segment that describes your company, the services you offer and the great projects you have completed. Your company is not the main character in this drama- the client is. Your best-selling business proposal focuses on the client, their problem and how you propose to solve it. Your qualifications come later and are supplemental to the main plot of the proposal. #3: HOOK ‘EM FAST â€Å"Start the piece where the trouble starts.† - Adair Lara Novelists are prodded to go straight to the conflict at the heart of the story. This is referred to as In medias res- Latin for â€Å"in the middle of things.† A reader wants to get right to the action with no throat clearing or long set-ups. Your proposal also should waste no time in getting to the action. Capture your reader’s attention by moving quickly to a statement of the client’s problem, and how you propose to solve it. #4: SLOW DOWN AT THE POINT OF GREATEST COMPLEXITY Have you ever read a novel where the author rushed through a scene right at the height of the action? Or worse- did he use the â€Å"old fade to black† routine? What was your reaction? You probably felt cheated and clapped the book shut. The same thing will happen if you use fuzzy language or rush the reader of your business proposal through the â€Å"How We Will Help You Solve Your Problem† section of the document. This is the "action scene" where you slow down and give the reader a lot of detail. Clearly explain exactly how you will help the client. Do not use over worked terms such as value-added, optimize, best practice, or leverage. Avoid industry jargon or acronyms your potential client might not understand. #5: CHOOSE THE RIGHT LANGUAGE â€Å"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug. - Mark Twain Language is the tool in a novel that sets scene, portrays emotion, creates mood and brings the story alive in the reader’s mind. Successful proposals contain the right language for the client: specific to their industry, free of jargon, and above all, clear. For help with this step, review our Guide to Clarity in Business Writing. #6: MAKE EVERY WORD MATTER â€Å"Try to leave out the part that readers tend to skip.† - Elmore Leonard You know you’ve done it- jumped ahead in a novel to get to the good parts, skipping long descriptions, redundant characterizations, etc. Your clients are also good at skimming. They have to be in order to save their time and sanity because so many business documents are long and convoluted. Take a cue from the writers of page-turning novels and make each word of your proposal crucial. Set a quick pace in your narrative, provide headings for ease of reading and leave plenty of white space. #7: FIND A REALLY GOOD EDITOR â€Å"Writing can be like folding a banquet-sized tablecloth; you can do it yourself, but it’s a lot easier when you can find somebody to help.† - Ted Kooser Good novels are the result of collaboration. The successful novelist has received both instruction and critique to hone his writing skills. He also takes advantage of the services of a good editor to make sure the novel is ready for publication. Writing a proposal is often a team effort. Information and data are pulled together from various sources. The proposal goes through several drafts and different people look through the document before it is ready to send off to the client. If you are the sole person writing and reviewing the proposal, be certain to let it sit for 24 hours before you edit it. You're too familiar with the material and format to objectively improve upon it, so let a little time pass so you can view it with fresh eyes. Review ourproposal writing course. This is a practicum course with individual coaching, which guides you through an actual work proposal: Your instructor will review key incremental exercises, guiding you to a perfect final proposal. Learn the planning and writing process required to write a proposal that wins business. Receive coaching on the organization, sequencing, and language of your proposal. And, receive one-on-one live proposal coaching, via WebEx, to ensure all of the proposals you write win business.

What it takes to be a Successful Enterpreneur Essay

What it takes to be a Successful Enterpreneur - Essay Example According to authors Stevenson and Amabile, the origin of the term entrepreneur, literarily defined as â€Å"’undertaker’—has been around for over two centuries, having been introduced in the early eighteenth century by the Parisian banker Richard Cantillon† (Stevenson and Amabile par. 1). In this regard, the essay aims to proffer crucial information that would describe entrepreneurial behavior and what it takes to be a successful entrepreneur. The discourse would be presented through an initial discussion of diverse definitions of the term entrepreneurship from secondary sources, prior to delving into one’s personal contention and point of view. In addition, the common traits or characteristics of successful entrepreneurs would likewise be determined and expounded. Finally, the remarkable experiences of some of the most successful entrepreneurs would be perused. A concluding portion would highlight the relevant points discussed through the paper. D efinition of Entrepreneur According to Endres and Woods, an entrepreneurial behavior exemplifies manifestation of â€Å"the motives and acts enabling entrepreneurs to reach decisions in their roles as creators of profitable opportunities and as exploiters of those opportunities† (Endres and Woods 2-3). New Combinations, a website devoted to social studies of entrepreneurship has complied definitions of the term from The Handbook of Economic Sociology by Smelser and Swedberg, where Howard E. Aldrich has been cited to provide an effective and concise summary of various definitions of entrepreneurship, to wit: (1) the setting up of high-growth and high-capitalisation firms (as opposed to low-growth and low-capitalisation ‘lifestyle’ businesses); (2) innovation and innovativeness leading to new products and new markets (the Schumpeterian tradition); (3) opportunity recognition (the Kirznerian tradition); and (4) the creation of new organisations (New Combinations par . 1). From among these definitions, one observed that for an activity to be categorized as entrepreneurial, the endeavor must be innovative, leading to a discovery of something new (products, services, markets or organizations), and entails the use of vast resources to achieve high returns. Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs In a study conducted by Acharyaa, Rajanb, and Schoarc, they identified that the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs are actually categorized according to: (1) psychological traits (achievement motivation, locus of control, meta-cognitive activity, need for dominance, passion for work, and self efficacy); and (2) cognitive reflection (IQ), risk aversion and time preference (Acharyaa, Rajanb and Schoarc). These authors’ findings indicate that successful entrepreneurs exhibit achievement-motivated behaviors where achievable goals are clearly set and strategies effectively designed to attain them. They are manifest internal locus of controls, described as â€Å"they personally are in control of their destiny and that luck and fate have only a modest influence on the outcome of events. For internals, personal destiny comes from within and therefore they tend to be self-reliant and independent† (Acharyaa, Rajanb and Schoarc 5). In addition, successful entrepreneurs were deemed to be good meta-cognitive skills learners, defined as â€Å"taking conscious control of learning, planning and selecting strategies, monitoring the progress of learning, correcting errors, analyzing the effectiveness of learning strategies and changing learning behaviors and strategies when necessary† (Ridley et al. 1992; cited in Acharyaa, Rajanb a