How to Say Sorry and Apologize in Japanese

Step by step instructions to Say Sorry and Apologize in Japanese The Japanese ordinarily apologize definitely more every now and again than Westerners. This most likely outcomes from social contrasts between them. Westerners appear to be hesitant to concede their own disappointment. Since saying 'sorry' implies that conceding ones own disappointment or blame, it may not be the best activity if the issue is to be settled in a courtroom. A Virtue in Japan Saying 'sorry' is viewed as an ideals in Japan. Statements of regret show that an individual assumes liability and abstains from accusing others. At the point when one apologizes and shows ones regret, the Japanese are all the more ready to excuse. There are many less legal disputes in Japan contrasted with the States. While saying 'sorry' the Japanese frequently bow. The more you feel sorry, the more profoundly you bow. Articulations Used to Apologize Sumimasen. 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š It is presumably the most widely recognized expression used to apologize. A few people say it as Suimasen 㠁™ã â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š). Since Sumimasen 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š) can be utilized in a few unique circumstances (while mentioning something, while saying thanks to somebody and so on.), listen cautiously to what the setting is. On the off chance that you are saying 'sorry' that something has been done, Sumimasen deshita 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁ÿ) can be used.Moushiwake arimasen. ç ³Ã£ â€"è ¨ ³Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ¡Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š Very conventional articulation. It ought to be utilized to bosses. It shows a more grounded feeling than Sumimasen 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š). In the event that you are saying 'sorry' that something has been done, Moushiwake arimasen deshita ç ³Ã£ â€"è ¨ ³Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ¡Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁ÿ) can be utilized. Like Sumimasen 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â €ºÃ£â€š, Moushiwake arimasen ç ³Ã£ â€"è ¨ ³Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ¡Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š) is additionally used to communicate gratitude.Shitsurei shimashita. Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§ ¤ ¼Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁ÿ Formal articulation, yet it doesnt appear as solid an inclination as Moushiwake arimasen ç ³Ã£ â€"è ¨ ³Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š).Gomennasai. 㠁ã‚ Ã£â€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž Common expression. Not at all like Sumimasen 㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€š), the utilization is constrained to saying 'sorry' Since it is less formal and has a puerile ring to it, it isn't suitable to use to bosses. Shitsurei. Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§ ¤ ¼ Casual. It is for the most part utilized by men. It likewise can be utilized as Excuse me.Doumo. 㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šâ€š Casual. It additionally can be utilized as Thanks.Gomen. 㠁ã‚ Ã£â€š Very easygoing. Including a sentence finishing molecule, Gomen ne 㠁ã‚ Ã£â€šÃ£  ­) or Gomen na (㠁ã‚ Ã£â€šÃ£  ª, male discourse) is additionally utilized. It ought to be just utilized with dear companions or relatives.

People do not treat others as equals Essay

There is an issue with the manner in which the world works at the present time. Individuals don't regard others as equivalents. Notwithstanding race, age, statement of faith, shading, or sex, individuals have figured out how to escape from treating people with basic goodness. As we stroll through our lives, we are slighted in any event once every day, and most likely more than that. We are raised in our current reality where champs are only that, they are victors, and in light of the fact that they win, we should adore and begrudge them. We are in consistent rivalry, once in a while is anything settled without an unmistakable victor, and this is the manner by which we live. We are the genuine quintessence of a Dominator Model in this sense. In any case, we don't adhere to a meaningful boundary there. We can extend it out to individual connections to. The line can be extrapolated on the grounds that we, an article â€Å"we† mind you, treat our own connections in much a similar way. Contentions once in a while end in bargain, and when it does it isn't what falls into place without any issues. So this is the existence we have set up and so as to move the worldview we should initially find what's going on and proceed onward. We should assault the issues that keep us closer to Cro-Magnon man than developed people. Furthermore, that is the thing that my expectation is for today’s radio program. One of the primary concerns when discussing bargain is the way that things end without one being over another; we are looking at consummation things, in dominator language, in a tie. However, we can't see this as being terrible; we should see this just like a success. This is the thing that we are discussing, a total change in outlook which loans no brilliance to the dominator, or androcratic culture. One of the keys to causing this move to happen is to initially perceive what is on the opposite side of the androcratic model, which is the organization or Gylanic model. The Gylanic model depends on the possibility of common prosperity, and for a general public, for example, our own that has consistently pleasured male over female, straight over gay, and so on this is a hard idea for us to get a handle on. Tearing these recorded dividers that have been worked for us is the introduction of another worldview. What's more, there are numerous approaches to get to this thought, I will conce ntrate on a not many that will kick us off, and ideally it will snowball, over some undefined time frame obviously, however ideally it will get steam and lead us into a general public that places accentuation on each person who lives in the domain of association. Successful tuning in: This is one of the primary concerns when moving from androcratic to Gylanic models. After some time our conversational abilities have exceeded expectations while or listening aptitudes have fallen by the way side. We have seen incredible pioneers, and extraordinary symbols of mainstream society talk without tuning in, and it isn't simply something that the prepared example can see, it is agonizingly self-evident. So as to begin us on our way this is the main gradual step that must be taken. Accentuation needs to, indeed, be put on correspondence. Interferences are only that, they intrude on that which someone is attempting to state, so we should comprehend that cutting someone off from talking is an aspect of the Dominator Model. Tune in to those that you talk with, and let them realize that you are tuning in. Indicating that you are listening isn't the most troublesome of errands, it is very basic truly. Here are a few things that one can do to show that he/she is tuning in: eye to eye connection, a basic gesturing of the head when it is suitable, not interfering, are only a couple of things that could improve a discussion drastically. It is astounding what you hear when you really tune in without talking simultaneously. As well, this assists with making an agreeable situation, where trade is welcome. After a discussion and this is the genuine test, tell the individual that you are talking with what you simply heard them state. It might be troublesome from the outset, to have the option to tune in and not talk, and afterward to have the option to emphasize what you had quite recently heard, yet it assists with reinforcing a relationship. â€Å"True Listening, absolute focus on the other, is consistently an indication of adoration. A basic piece of genuine listening is the control of organizing, the brief surrendering or setting of one’s own prejudges, casings of references and wants to understanding quite far the speaker’s world from within, venturing inside their shoes. This unification of speaker and audience is really an expansion and growth of ourselves and new information is constantly picked up from this. Additionally since genuine listening includes organizing, a putting aside of self, it likewise incidentally includes an all out acknowledgment of the other.† †A Road Less Traveled Scott, Peck [emphasis mine] Presently we will be moving tuning in, from only a part of regular daily existence, to the incorporation inside relational connections. This is clearly a need seeing someone, as is so expressed by Peck, however obvious listening isn't asking whatever is â€Å"easy†. It is work. In numerous connections one gathering is constantly sabotaged under another gathering, and therefore an effective relationship is elusive. We should not think along the lines of mimesis either, on the grounds that to discover power through ones disruption of intensity, is by and by striding to discover a champ. We should drop the possibility of â€Å"the last word† or the possibility that there must be a â€Å"winner.† Arguments can be settled inside the parameters of compelling correspondence. As Peck says it is a demonstration of adoration, listening is a demonstration of genuine affection, and with the nonappearance of genuine tuning in, genuine affection thusly takes on another significance. We are looking at moving from north to south here; we should discover that bargain is winning, and that there is certifiably not a solitary victor and a solitary washout. Listening is a piece of imparting, and so as to be effective, as is with whatever else, we should have the option to convey. In summation having the option to listen adequately is the initial phase in the long queue of steps of correspondence, which must be required in exertion to get away from the life of the Androcratic model. I realize that Rome was not worked in a day, and that I won't change our general public in one discussion about how to change, yet I would like to concentrate on one perspective that will begin us on the way of organization, and that viewpoint I am concentrating on is the part of correspondence. So I won't get into â€Å"bedroom† topic. The following part of correspondence that is significant is called leveling. Virginia Satir says, â€Å"What the leveling reaction does is make it feasible for you to live in general individual †¦ genuine, in contact with your head, your heart, your sentiments, and your body.† Leveling is a framework wherein we express our real thoughts however not at anybody’s cost. We talk without imagining that we may commit an error, or we may be reprimanded, or force on someone. All leveling is â€Å"responding to genuine individuals in genuine circumstances that grant you to concur in light of the fact that you truly do† (Satir, Virginia). She utilizes The Matrix as one model. In the Matrix individuals are ravenous for the certainty that is offered by Morpheus, however relatively few are happy to aside from it. The fact of the matter is expressed through our own built reality. The â€Å"I† explanation is the most ideal approach to start the leveling procedure. I feel . . . . (a feeling or feeling, not a conviction) Since . . . . (sentiments come out of YOU and your different Encounters throughout your life; clarify the premise of your sentiments as opposed to accusing or â€Å"psychologizing† the other individual or yourself) What's more, What I’d To do or see Happen now is . .(how both of you can consider one another’s needs, and work toward a worthy answer for/with one another) It is assuming liability as opposed to setting fault. It is viable. The last thought that I will talk about today is being a careful learning. We are understudies of life, we are continually learning dependent on what happens in our lives. We should really realize what we experience however. We should take the time and be stimulated in our lives so as to gain from botches that we have made, and clutch the things that we progress nicely. I propose that we carefully improve the manner in which we realize with the goal that we can make our own comprehension of the procedure that will help carry on with our personal satisfaction. Become intrigued by your own live and it will make enthusiasm for other people. Concentrate on the other individual and tune in to his/her accounts and beneficial encounters and convey in a successful way that will take into consideration a consistent relationship.

Website For Essays in English - Finding A Great Website

Website For Essays in English - Finding A Great WebsiteNowadays, it is very common for students to publish their essay online because writing on the internet is not as difficult as students have imagined. In fact, if you think that all you need to do is write an essay, you might want to reconsider your thoughts.Writers are needed to turn out these essays, and finding a website that can help them is not a tough task at all. All you need to do is to find a website that can give you help in doing your assignment for essays in English. What makes this task even easier is that most of the sites out there will have tutorials, which can be useful in preparing you for the whole process.All you need to do is to do a simple research so that you would know where to get the best website. Aside from this, you can also choose a website based on what's its quality, so that you would not end up wasting your time and money by wasting your hard-earned money by getting the site that is full of advertis ements.Writing is a technique that needs time to improve; therefore, you should only try to finish a certain amount of writing so that you will not end up with stress or exhaustion. One way to help you in this matter is to learn how to perform basic spelling and grammar so that you will not end up with errors that might hurt the writer's reputation. What is more, if you already know these fundamentals, you can just concentrate on writing.What makes a popular site for essays in English? Well, the only way to know if you are actually using the right site is to check out the reviews and feedbacks that other people have given about the site.You should also try to check the site's reputation first before signing up for the membership of the site. This is especially true if you are not an expert in writing; however, if you do want to join the site, make sure that the membership fee will be enough for you to be able to use the tools on the site.Writing sites offer a lot of resources, and y ou should know that there are some tools that you will not be able to use if you are not a member of the site. However, there are some of these tools that will allow you to use the service that you have been paying for without having to pay anything extra.So, to summarize, you need to learn about your subject in order to understand it on your own unique way. If you want to learn more about essays in English, you should check out the websites that offer writing help.

Lab Report The Gram Stain - 1706 Words

Lab Report 1-The Gram Stain Eric Zuberi Lab section 1 February 8, 2015 This report represents my individual effort. I did not receive or offer aid to anyone when performing this assignment, nor did I plagiarize any material. Signed: _____________________________________________ Eric Zuberi I. Introduction In all areas of biology, it is easy to see that structure is related to function. This statement holds true in microbiology as well, the study of microorganisms, including bacteria. One characterizing feature of bacteria is the cell wall, which can generally (although not in all situations) be categorized into one of two categories: either Gram positive or Gram negative. Gram positive bacteria’s cell walls are composed of a large peptidoglycan layer (up to 90% of their cell wall). Within this large peptidoglycan layer, one can find techoic acids, which contribute to the maintenance of cell wall structure, and lipotechoic acids, which attach to membrane lipids. Gram positive bacteria that act as pathogens can also potentially release exotoxins, which can have very dangerous effects on humans. Gram negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a very small layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is surrounded by an outer membrane. Within the outer membrane, one can find th e lipopolysaccharide layer, which is one of the most distinguishing factors of Gram-negative bacteria. It is important to note that Gram negative bacteria fail to possess techoicShow MoreRelatedHow to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology1637 Words   |  7 PagesWRITE AN UNKNOWN LAB REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY GENERAL Unknown reports in microbiology are written in scientific format. Scientific writing is written differently from other types of writing. The results of the exercise or experiment are what are being showcased, not the writing. The purpose of scientific writing is not to entertain, but to inform. The writing should be simple and easy to understand. 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I noticed that this organismRead MoreDanish Physician Hans Christian Gram Stain, Escherichia Coli, And Unknown Colony1552 Words   |  7 Pages Gram Staining: Micrococcus leteus, Escherichia coli, and Unknown Colony Ethan Hinkle Microbiology Lab 3051, Section 001 Instructor: Harrison Taylor February 9, 2015 This report represents my individual effort. I did not receive or offer aid to anyone when performing this assignment, nor did I plagiarize any material. Signed: __________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION In 1884, Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram was in the process of developing aRead MoreMicrobiology Lab Report1132 Words   |  5 Pages Lab Report A differential staining procedure used in microbiology is called the Gram stain. The significance of the Gram staining procedure is that it differentiates the bacteria into two groups. The Gram reaction of a bacterium adds valuable information for the treatment of disease. The Endospore stain is a special stain that is used to determine the presence of endospores in bacteria. This stain is used to detect if certain bacterium cell contain highly opposing spores within theirRead MoreMicrobiology 150 Lab 3-Selective vs. Differential Media2930 Words   |  12 Pages150 Introductory Microbiology #3 Lab Report NAME __ Lab Group 2_____ Answer the following questions as you work your way through the lab material typing in your answers. Then submit your finished lab report as a Microsoft Word document. This lab report is worth 100 points towards your final lab grade. Each Q is worth 2 points unless otherwise noted. Also, per the Honor Code, this work must be your own. This is due Mon. 10/8 at 11:59 PM. The theme of this lab is the identification of unknown

Thanksgiving Speech Example

Thanksgiving speech example is a sample of either a formal or informal address delivered to a particular audience. The speech may dwell upon the background and traditions of the holiday. The Thanksgiving speech example can be used by a family member during the celebration, or by a representative of some official event. Importantly, the speaker may use not only speech sounds but also gesture in order to convey the information. â€Å"Good afternoon everyone! Today, I would like to say a couple of words in honor of one of the most respected holidays in the United States of America. Today, we gathered together all our dearest friends and relatives in order to give thanks the same way as our arch fathers did the long time ago. It is not a secret that Thanksgiving is one of my favorite holidays as long as it is one of those rare days when the whole family and the closest friends are together in one place ready to share the warm mood, excellent wine, and the tastiest dinner with each other. This is the day which seems to be a nice break in between the working routine. It happens so that we spend almost all the time without noticing some minor changes in the world in general, and also in the lives of our neighbors. It is a big pleasure for me to see each of you today here. Despite the fact that the weather is rather unfavorable, you managed to get here. That is, perhaps, the first thing for which I am really grateful. With all my heart, I would like to thank you for such a nice beginning of the evening. I would also like to thank you for all those people who were directly involved in the process of preparation. My dear friends, without your help the holiday would not have been so nice and organized. That is a kind of thing which is an integral part of the true American spirit a team spirit. The real Americans know the price of the unity. For that reason, let us be as organized, full of energy, and helpful as we were today. In our family, Thanksgiving is an appreciated holiday since the early years of our children. Taking this into consideration, my wife and I expect not only our children but our grandchildren to continue the tradition and supplement it with the new elements of celebration as well as increase the number of those who will come to our place in order to share a good mood and original dishes with others. Thanksgiving is like Christmas in autumn the holiday has some warmth in it and in the way it attracts good people. I will not encroach upon your time anymore as the dinner will get cool soon. I will just say thanks for being that nice to all people who came, joined us here, and made the celebration possible. Enjoy your meal, friends. Happy Thanksgiving!†

Twelfth Night Theme Essay - Love as the Cause of Suffering

Love as the Cause of Suffering In William Shakespeare’s play Twelfth Night, love as the cause of suffering is one of the most prominent theme of the story. Even though this play ends in love and wedded bliss, Shakespeare also shows us that love can also cause pain. The characters often view love as a curse, something that is thrust upon you and you cannot easily or willing escape. Examples include Malvolio’s love for Olivia, the love triangle between Olivia, Duke Orsino, and Viola as Cesario, and Antonio’s crush on Sebastian. There are countless occasions where unrequited love for another results in heartbreak and sorrow. Malvolio is a social climber, he feels that if Olivia would love him his status would be higher. But because of†¦show more content†¦It stands as Olivia loves Cesario/Viola, who loves Duke Orsino who loves Olivia. Each character suffers in sorrow as they cannot have who they desire, because of status, gender or love for another. Antonio rescues Sebastian after the shipwreck that separated him from his twin, Viola. Antonio immediately takes a liking to Sebastian and helps get back on his feet. Sebastian heads to Duke Orsino’s court to look for work, Antonio offers to help but Sebastian has to decline as Antonio is a wanted man and accompanying him on his journey would put him at risk. â€Å"But, come what may, I do adore thee so, / the danger shall seem sport, and I will go.† (2.1.43-44) Antonio follows him anyways and ends up encountering Viola dressed as Cesario in the middle of a fight with Sir Andrew. Because Antonio thinks Cesario is Sebastian, he steps in to defend him, out of his love. Viola is confused because she’s never met Antonio before. But, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew recognize him as the wanted criminal that he is and turn him in to the authorities. Although Antonio is ultimately released he still ends up heartbroken as Sebastian ends up married to Olivia. In conclusion, Shakespeare shows us that love has two faces. One face shows us that love can be beautiful and can bring happiness, the other shows a darker and more painful side where love can be heartbreaking and mournful.Show MoreRelatedShakespeares View on Love Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s View on Love Shakespeare’s plays are very drastic with how he ties love into them. Shakespeare always adds comedy or tragedy to any romance that might be taking place. For example in Twelfth Night, As You like It and Romeo and Juliet there is romance but he also puts comedy in there so love is not that easy. In the play Othello he makes it into a tragedy which makes the love even harder to take place. Shakespeare has always found a way to make love as complicated as he can whichRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesseries. Finally, the findings of the discourse analysis will form the basis for a careful interpretation of the television series’ production purposes. 2. Theory This thesis will contain several terms and statements that, without explanation, might cause confusion or opposition. Therefore, it is necessary to first discuss some relevant theoretical frameworks and their implications for this thesis. This chapter discusses and explains the concepts of discourse theory, Confucianism, behavioral ideologyRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the Superintendent ofRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the SuperintendentRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagescould most profitably be continued. This work re-emphasizes the complex phonology of the southern Igbo dialects, already brought to light in the work of Carnochan (1948), Swift and others (1962), and Green and Igwe (1963) It will be seen that a common theme running through much of the work here surveyed is a pre-occupation with the dialect problem. Only the work of Abraham and Welmers and Welmers attempts to deal with an unqualified Igbo. Of the other works, it is clear that a great deal of OnitshaRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesand enhancements. The vice presidents for marketing and engineering reluctantly agreed to try and patch up their differences, but did not appear confident that any changes would take place. Strange as it may seem, nobody could identify the initial cause of the conflicts or how the trouble actually began. Senior management hired an externa l consultant to identify the problems, provide recommendations and alternatives, and act as a mediator. The consultant s process would have to begin with interviews

Crew Resource Managament Essay Example For Students

Crew Resource Managament Essay WARNING!!! This is for ERAU Wildingers class. Dont even *think* of using this in his class!!! -strong message follows- Crew Resource Management 1Running Head: CRM AND AVIATION SAFETYCrew Resource Management and Aviation SafetySteven B. McSwainEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityCrew Resource Management 2AbstractThroughout the history of aviation, accidents have and will continue to occur. With the introduction of larger and more complex aircraft, the number of humans required to operate these complex machines has increased as well as, some say, the probability of human error. There are studies upon studies of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting from breakdowns in crew coordination and, more specifically, crew communication. These topics are the driving force behind crew resource management. This paper will attempt to present the concept of crew resource management (CRM) and its impact on aviation safety in modern commercial and military aviation. The concept is not a new one, but is continually evolving and can even include non-human elements such as computer-controlled limitations on aircraft maneuvers and the conflicts that result in the airline industry. Crew Resource Management 3Crew Resource Management and Aviation SafetySince the birth of aviation, man has been tasked with operating aircraft safely, yet effectively. From the beginning days of being able to simply operate an aircraft without injury for seconds at a time, to todays issues with safety in supersonic international travel, crew resource management has been with us in some from the beginning. The term CRM began to spread in the 1980s among the major airlines, fueled by industry and university research into human factors. The U.S. military has also taken a very active in the development of CRM techniques to aid in the high stress environment of military aviation. The basic concept of crew resource management (CRM) is to train crewmembers to use all available personnel, equipment, and expe rience to safely and effectively operate an aircraft. It is used in nearly every facet of aviation from the smallest regional airline, to the largest major carrier, to the various crew operated military aircraft. One aspect of aviation missing from the fold is the general aviation (GA) community, such as the private pilot. This has become a growing concern as many future air carrier pilots and military pilots begin as private pilots. The need for CRM training in this area is there, but the training seems excessive and useless to many in the field as most of these pilots operate single pilot aircraft. Perhaps this attitude comes from the term crew and is dismissed by the private pilot. This can be a dangerous attitude, as there is no doubt that sound decision making and the use of available resources should be a priority at any level of aviationTerms and Concepts Used in Crew Resource ManagementIn order to effectively explain the concept of CRM and its role in aviation safety, it is necessary to have at least a limited understanding of common terms and phrases. One of the two key elements of CRM is situational awareness, or, SA. Simply put, it is the understanding of Crew Resource Management 4the conditions surrounding your flight. Knowing what is happening, what has happened in the past and how that may affect your flight in the future. Situational awareness is probably best described as a conditioned state of mind while flying. It comes from experience and knowledge and can be blocked by being unfit to fly do to fatigue, for example. This concept is obviously a major consideration in flying all aircraft, but can be considered to be somewhat easier maintained in a crew aircraft than in a single pilot one. Another key concept in CRM is communication. This is a topic best described in its own publication, as there are numerous factors that contribute to successful or failed communication. There are many factors to be considered when analyzing communication in th e context of CRM, such as dialect. English is the universal air traffic language, yet it would be impossible to regulate accents and intelligibility of an air traffic controller or aircraft crew. This can obviously lead to missed communication between an American flight crew and Egyptian control facility, for example. Another aspect of the communication problem can be attributed to seniority in civilian aviation, or rank in military aviation. This barrier, fear of communication, must be overcome in order for a flight to safely operate. Each crewmember should be able to make input to the flight without fear of reprimand. Each person should provide feedback and be willing to accept a suggestion from other crewmembers. The last subject I will cover in regard to communication is standardization. Procedures checklists, operating instruction, and technical orders are written in a standardized form to avoid confusion and establish a common language. This usually results in a barrier of c ommunication in more experienced crewmembers. They can be so accustomed to the operating procedures that they expect everyone else to have the same level of understanding. This, combined with their usage of nonstandard verbiage can lead to deadly miscommunication in a worst-case scenario. Crew Resource Management 5A third commonly referred to concept in crew resource management is available resources. This can mean internal or external resources. Internal resources are things such as experience and knowledge, and having one does not necessarily require having the other. A crewmember can be experienced but not have a great deal of aircraft systems knowledge. Such as when in the military, as often happens, a pilot is transferred late in his or her career to another aircraft. That pilot may have over five thousand hours of flying experience, and even several hundred hours of combat flying experience. However, when arriving at a new assignment they have a very limited amount of aircraft systems knowledge in the new aircraft. This is also true for a civilian air carrier pilot who changes aircraft at some point in their career. External resources can consist of checklists or operating instructions, for example. This is an equally important factor in aviation safety, as can be seen by the report on the American Airlines crash in Columbia (Simmon, 1998). The failure to abide by these resources can have disastrous results. Many things can contribute to the breakdown in this area, most evident is fatigue combined with a high level of experience. An experienced captain can rely too much on knowledge and not enough on published procedure and guidance. Graffiti as Art EssayGeneral aviation, or GA, is severely behind in the development of CRM training. As a private pilot, I have noticed the absence of this training. After first being trained as a military crewmember, I noticed immediately the lack of CRM in any aspect of the training of the private pilot. Perhaps the reason I noticed this problem is the same reason many private pilots do not notice it. They have no experience, through no fault of their own, with the crew environment and its challenges and benefits. Though there is a small percentage of private pilots who will Crew Resource Management 8never operate in the crew environment, the majority begin this training as a step to a career in aviation, or at least to the point of flying with other people. Many are future small business pilots, many are future military pilots, and a few are future air carrier pilots. I personally used private pilot training to help prepare me for a career as a military pilot, but my situation w as unique as I stated before. The development of CRM in GA is beginning to be addressed, but is years behind that of commercial and military aviation. This is evident by the lack of continuity and availability of literature on GA crew resource management training (Santiago, 1996). ConclusionCrew resource management training is no doubt a vital part of flight safety. The programs have developed from crude briefings to sophisticated simulators and training techniques. The examples of the importance of this training can be found in almost every NTSB report of an incident involving the human factor of flight. I have attempted to bring to light the more important aspects of crew resource management, though the concept is much broader than I have presented. The basics of communication and problem solving are still the keys of CRM, and still seem to be the cause of most aviation accidents. The programs in effect to combat this problem are under constant development and analysis, in a hope to avoid these situations. The civilian industry continues to lead in development due to commercialization, with the military not far behind. The only real deficiency in CRM program development seems to be the area of general aviation as described earlier. Until this problem is addr essed, there will still be a glaring weakness in the general area of aviation safety. However, with the rate of technology increase and cheaper methods of instruction, we should begin to see this problem addressed in the near future. Until then, aviation will rely on civil commercial aviation the military to continue research and program development for the years to come, hopefully resulting in an increasingly safe method of travel and recreation. BibliographyCrew Resource Management 9ReferencesHawkins, Frank H. (1987). Human Factors in Flight, 2nd ed., 35, 36. Santiago, Marco Jr. (1996). Application of Crew Resource Management and Line Oriented Flight Training Concepts to General Aviation Flight Training. Arizona State University. Simmon, David A. (1998). Boeing 757 CFIT Accident at Cali, Columbia, Becomes Focus of Lessons Learned. Flight Safety Digest,Aviation Essays